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2021年一月新闻热词回顾

关注我们 👉 广州策马翻译 2022-10-02


2021年一月热词汇总

*信息来源:China Daily



新冠疫苗
COVID-19 vaccine


Beijing's 220 health centers have since Friday vaccinated 73,537 people, with no major side effects detected, said Gao Xiaojun, a spokesman for the Beijing Health Commission, at a news conference on Sunday.
北京市卫生健康委员会新闻发言人高小俊在1月3日的发布会上介绍,1月1日以来,北京的220个接种点共接种新冠疫苗73537剂,未发生严重不良反应。


2020年12月31日,国务院联防联控机制发布我国首个新冠病毒疫苗附条件上市(conditional marketing authorization for China's first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine)。


The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.
此次经国家药监局批准的疫苗为国药集团中国生物研发的新冠病毒灭活疫苗。

疫情发生以来,国务院联防联控机制科研攻关组专门设立疫苗研发专班,按照灭活疫苗(inactivated vaccines)、重组蛋白疫苗(recombinant protein vaccines)、腺病毒载体疫苗(adenovirus vector vaccines)、减毒流感病毒载体活疫苗(vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors)、核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccines)5条技术路线共布局12项研发任务。



宇航发射任务
space launch tasks


中国航天科技集团表示,2021年,该集团计划安排40余次宇航发射任务,载人航天空间站工程进入关键实施阶段。


China plans to launch the core module of its manned space station in the first half of 2021. Subsequent space missions include the launches of the Tianzhou-2 cargo craft and the Shenzhou-12 manned craft.
我国计划在2021年上半年发射载人空间站核心舱,而后接续发射天舟二号货运飞船和神舟十二号载人飞船。

1992年9月,中国实施载人航天工程并确定中国载人航天“三步走”的发展战略(three-step manned space program):


第一步,发射载人飞船(manned spaceship),建成初步配套的试验性载人飞船工程,开展空间应用实验。2003年神舟5号载人飞船任务顺利完成。


第二步,突破航天员出舱活动技术(extra-vehicular activity)、空间飞行器的交会对接技术(rendezvous and docking),发射空间实验室(space lab),解决有一定规模的、短期有人照料的空间应用问题。

第三步,建造空间站,解决有较大规模的、长期有人照料的空间应用问题(operate a permanent manned space station)。


2017年4月20日19时41分,天舟一号货运飞船(cargo spacecraft Tianzhou-1)成功发射。此次任务是中国载人航天工程空间实验室阶段(space laboratory stage of China manned space engineering)的收官之战,标志着中国载人航天工程胜利完成“三步走”战略中的“第二步”任务,为空间站建设任务奠定坚实技术基础。


2022年前后,我国“天和”号空间站有望完成组装,开始全面运行(fully operational)。



寒潮

cold wave


The first cold wave in 2021 features a "dramatic temperature drop," "significant wind-chill effect" and "prolonged period of low temperature," said Lei Lei, chief forecaster of the Beijing meteorological station.
北京市气象台首席预报员雷蕾表示,2021年第一个寒潮的特点是降温幅度大、风寒效应强、低温持续时间长。

人们通常用cold snap、cold wave、cold front、cold spell来表达寒潮。寒潮是指strong cold air(强冷空气)由亚洲大陆西部或西北部侵袭中国时的强降温天气过程,一般多发生在秋末、冬季、初春时节。


当范围很大的cold air mass(冷气团)聚集到一定程度,就会大规模向南入侵,形成寒潮天气。寒潮地面高压的前端一般都有一条cold front(冷锋)。寒潮过后,当地会受low pressure area(低气压)控制。



选举人票

Electoral College votes


The US Congress certified Democrat Joe Biden's presidential election victory with 306 Electoral College votes early Thursday morning, after supporters of President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol, halting the certification process for several hours.
1月7日凌晨,美国国会确认民主党人乔·拜登赢得306张选举人票,在总统选举中获胜。此前,现任总统特朗普的支持者冲进国会大厦,导致确认程序中断数小时。

美国实行“选举人团(Electoral College)”的间接选举制度,共有538张选举人票。美国选民投票并不能直接选出总统,而是决定各州的选举人票归属哪位总统候选人(presidential candidate),最终获得至少270张选举人票的候选人胜出。


自19世纪80年代起,除缅因州和内布拉斯加州以外,其他各州都实行选举人票“赢者通吃”原则("winner-take-all" basis)。也就是说,某位总统候选人如果赢得某个州大多数的选票,他就赢得了该州全部的选举人票(a state has all of its electors pledged to the presidential candidate who wins the most votes in that state)。


缅因州和内布拉斯加州采用“国会选区法(congressional district method)”选出选举人(elector),每个国会选区(congressional district)选出一位赢得多数票的选举人,其余两名选举人则在全州范围内投票选出(statewide popular vote)。这些选举人支持的可能是不同的总统候选人,所以,在这两个州,总统候选人们都有可能获得一些属于自己的选举人票。



核酸检测

nucleic acid testing


People have been urged to stay in the cities where they work for the Spring Festival holiday and abide by the regulations of epidemic prevention and control in scenic spots when traveling, according to Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission.
国家卫生健康委员会副主任曾益新表示,倡导大家在工作地过年,出门旅游要严格遵守景区疫情防控规定。


Zeng said the epidemic situation during the winter and spring was likely to remain grim and complex, especially in the upcoming Spring Festival, so it's necessary to limit gatherings and the flow of people. He advised people to choose off-peak travel and online shopping.
曾益新表示,冬春季,尤其是春节期间,疫情防控形势依旧严峻、复杂,限制聚集活动及人员流动很有必要,同时建议错峰出行和线上消费。

这里的off-peak相当于peak的反义词,表示“not at the most popular and expensive time, when many people are doing or using a particular thing”,即“非高峰时段的,淡季的”,比如,off-peak fares(淡季票价),off-peak season/off season(淡季)等,那么与之相对的peak season自然就是“旺季”了。


Zhang Boli, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said earlier that scattered COVID-19 outbreaks are almost unavoidable with the falling temperatures in winter, which make it easier for the novel coronavirus to survive. He called for the public to reduce gatherings and travel during and around Spring Festival.
中国工程院院士张伯礼此前表示,冬季气温下降,使得病毒更容易生存,新冠肺炎散发不可避免。他建议人们在春节期间减少聚集和出行。

在新冠疫情相关的报道中,我们经常会看到“疫情零星散发”和“聚集性疫情”这样的描述,其中“疫情零星散发”通常用sporadic outbreak或scattered outbreak来表示。Sporadic强调疫情出现的不规律性,与occasional意思相近,比如:She makes sporadic trips to Europe(她偶尔会去欧洲);而scattered则强调散发病例覆盖的范围较广,比如:The forecast is for scattered showers tomorrow(天气预报说明天有分散性阵雨)。


本科毕业论文

undergraduate theses


Starting this year, Chinese education authorities will institute random checks on undergraduate theses to crack down on plagiarism, ghostwriting, and other forms of academic misconduct.
从今年起,教育管理部门将对本科毕业论文进行抽检,以打击剽窃、代写及其他形式的学术不端行为。

“学术不端”(academic misconduct)的一般性界定为:高等学校及其教学科研人员、管理人员和学生,在科学研究及相关活动中发生的违反公认的学术准则、违背学术诚信的行为。


2016年,教育部发布《高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为办法》,第一次以部门规章的形式对高等学校预防与处理学术不端行为做出规定。


《办法》中明确的六种“学术不端”情形包括:剽窃、抄袭、侵占他人学术成果(plagiarism),篡改他人研究成果(fabrication or alteration of research results),伪造数据或捏造事实(data falsification),不当署名(inappropriate authorship),提供虚假学术信息(providing false or misleading information),买卖或代写论文(academic paper selling or ghostwriting)等。同时授权高等学校可以结合学校实际,自行规定六类之外的学术不端情形。



林长制

forest chief scheme


China has issued a guideline to implement a forest chief scheme nationwide amid the country's continuous efforts to protect forests and grasslands. It was issued by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council and urged that the forest chief scheme will be rolled out nationwide by June 2022.
中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅近日印发《关于全面推行林长制的意见》,加强对森林和草原的保护。意见提出,2022年6月在全国全面建立林长制。



进口冷链食物

imported cold-chain food


1月14日,海关总署新闻发言人、统计分析司司长李魁文表示,海关总署严格按照国务院联防联控机制总体部署,加大进口冷链食品的检疫力度,防范新冠肺炎疫情通过进口冷链食品输入的风险。


Overseas food exporters should strictly follow the regulatory guidelines issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization to ensure their exports to China are not contaminated by the novel coronavirus during production, processing, storage or transportation, Li Kuiwen said.
李魁文表示,各国输华食品企业应落实联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)食品企业指南,严防输华食品及包装在生产、加工、储存、运输等各环节受到新冠病毒污染。


So far, China has suspended imports from 124 cold-chain food manufacturers across 21 countries where employees had been infected with COVID-19. Among them, 107 companies voluntarily suspended exports to China following outbreaks, Li said.
目前,对发生员工感染新冠肺炎的21个国家的124家冷链食品生产企业采取了暂停其产品进口措施,其中有107家企业是在出现疫情后即自主暂停了对华出口。

说到“暂停”,我们可能立即会想到pause这个词,不过,在具体使用的时候,pause更偏重“短时间暂停(后继续进行某事)”的意思,比如:

· He talked for two hours without pausing for breath.
他说了两个小时的话,都没有停下来喘口气。

· On leaving, she paused for a moment at the door.
离开的时候,她在门口停顿了一下。

而上文中的suspension及其动词形式suspend多指“把事情停下来一阵子(直到有后续的决策)”,比如:Tour groups were suspended because of the epidemic.(由于疫情原因,团队游被暂时叫停了。)这里的“暂停”一般会持续一段时间,直到形势变化允许这件事能继续进行。



国内生产总值

Gross Domestic Product


国家统计局1月18日发布数据,2020年,我国国内生产总值(GDP)首次突破100万亿元大关。


China's economy grew by 2.3 percent in 2020, with major economic targets achieving better-than-expected results, the National Bureau of Statistics said on Monday.
国家统计局1月18日表示,2020年,我国经济增长2.3%,经济社会发展主要目标任务完成情况好于预期。


The country's annual GDP came in at 101.59 trillion yuan ($15.68 trillion) in 2020, surpassing the 100 trillion yuan threshold, the NBS said.
国家统计局表示,2020年全年国内生产总值达到101.59万亿元,突破100万亿元大关。

Threshold读作['θreʃ.həʊld],本意指“门槛”,也可以引申为“...的起点”等意思。

比如:
a low threshold for pain(痛点很低)
the threshold of a new era(新时代的起点)
 income tax threshold(个税起征点)等



月球样品

lunar samples


嫦娥五号从月球带回的约1731克“土特产”备受关注。1月18日,国家航天局首次对外发布了《月球样品管理办法》,明确了这些“土特产”的用途。


The regulations cover general principles for preserving, managing, using, borrowing and returning the lunar samples, as well as information release and research results management of the samples.
办法包含了月球样品保存、管理和使用的总体原则、信息发布、借用与分发、使用与返还、成果管理等方面内容。


The lunar samples will be divided into four categories-permanent storage, backup permanent storage, research, and public-interest purposes, according to the regulations.
办法规定,月球样品原则上将分为永久存储、备份永久存储、研究和公益四种基础用途。

这里的backup指a copy of something that is stored separately from the original one,即“(与原始样本分开存储的)备份”,比如,Before we leave work each day, we make a backup of all the records we have entered into the computer that day.(每天下班前,我们都要把当天录入电脑的记录全部做备份);另外,backup还可以指“备用的人或物”,比如:The party is going to be outdoors, so we'll need to organize somewhere as a backup in case it rains.(派对安排在户外,所以我们需要另外找一个备用场地,以防中途下雨)。看美剧的时候,我们经常会听到人说“call for backup”,在这里,backup表示“后续的支援力量”。


按照基础用途:永久存储和备份永久存储样品作为原始样品进行封存(sealed and stored as original samples);研究样品用于月球科学研究、分析(scientific research and analysis);公益样品用于展览(public exhibition)、科普、教育(science education)等公益性活动。



年夜饭

New Year’s Eve meal


The number of searches for "New Year's Eve meal" on an online food-ordering platform this year is four times higher than that of the same period last year.
在线订餐平台上“年夜饭”的搜索量同比去年同期上涨了4倍。

这里的“年夜饭”除了用New Year's Eve meal表示,很多时候也可以用reunion dinner表达,即“团圆饭”,年夜饭里一定要有鱼,寓意“年年有余(鱼)(wish for an increase in prosperity year-after-year)”。



返乡人员

people returning to rural areas


According to a notice released on the website of the National Health Commission, people returning to rural areas should isolate themselves at home for 14 days and take nucleic acid tests every seven days.
国家卫健委官网发布的通知显示,返乡人员需居家隔离14天,每7天进行一次核酸检测。


In addition to checking the test results of returnees during the festival, local governments must monitor and record their health status, increase local testing capacity and establish quarantine facilities in preparation for potential outbreaks.
除查验检测结果以外,各地政府还要监测并记录返乡人员健康状况,提升检测能力,建立隔离设施,做好突发应对准备。

何为返乡人员?

国家卫健委明确:返乡人员是指从外地返回农村地区的人员(returnees are those who return to rural areas from other parts of the country)。

主要包括:

一是跨省份返乡人员(cross-provincial returnees);

二是来自本省内中高风险区域所在地市的返乡人员(中高风险区域内部人员原则上不流动)(returnees from medium or high risk areas within the province);

三是本省内的进口冷链食品从业人员、口岸直接接触进口货物从业人员、隔离场所工作人员、交通运输工具从业人员等重点人群(specific populations who deal with cold-chain imported food, have direct contact with imported goods at ports, work at quarantine sites or in transportation sector)。



家庭教育法

family education law


家庭教育法草案近日提请全国人大常委会会议审议。


Parents or guardians should not use violence as a way to teach children lessons, the draft law said. They should not discriminate against children based on their gender or physical condition, or coerce, lure, incite or use minors to violate laws, regulations or social morality, according to the draft.
草案提出,未成年人父母或者其他监护人在实施家庭教育过程中,不得对未成年人有性别、身体状况等歧视,不得有任何形式的家庭暴力,不得胁迫、引诱、教唆、利用未成年人从事违反法律法规和社会公德的活动。



外资流入国

FDI recipient


China was the world's largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2020, as flows rose by 4 percent to $163 billion, followed by the United States, a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) showed.
联合国贸易和发展会议发布的报告显示,2020年中国的外国直接投资增长4%,达1630亿美元,成为全球最大外资流入国,美国排名第二位。

外商直接投资(也称“外国直接投资”,foreign direct investment,FDI)指外国企业和经济组织或个人(包括华侨、港澳台胞以及我国在境外注册的企业)按我国有关政策、法规,用现汇、实物、技术等在我国境内开办外商独资企业(wholly foreign-owned enterprise)、与我国境内的企业或经济组织共同举办中外合资经营企业(Chinese-foreign equity joint venture)、合作经营企业(Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture)或合作开发资源的投资(包括外商投资收益的再投资),以及经政府有关部门批准的项目投资总额内企业从境外借入的资金。



就地过年

stay local for the Spring Festival


All residents in areas at high risk of COVID-19 shall stay at their current residing localities to prevent spreading the epidemic, said the circular.Travel from medium-risk areas will need permission from the local epidemic prevention and control authorities. Those living in low-risk areas shall be advised to avoid traveling unless necessary, the circular said.
通知指出,疫情高风险地区群众均应就地过年,防止因人员流动导致疫情传播扩散。中风险地区群众需要出行的,需经属地疫情防控机构批准。低风险地区倡导群众非必要不出行。

In principle, people who do need to travel should not go to medium and high risk areas.

依据国务院应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情联防联控机制《关于科学防治精准施策分区分级做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的指导意见》中的风险划定标准:


Cities, counties and districts with no newly confirmed cases in the last 14 days are categorized as low-risk regions, those with fewer than 50 cases or those with over 50 but without a concentrated outbreak are classified as medium-risk regions, and those with over 50 cases as well as a concentrated outbreak are classified as high-risk regions.
即以县市区为单位,无确诊病例或连续14天无新增确诊病例为低风险地区;14天内有新增确诊病例,累计确诊病例不超过50例,或累计确诊病例超过50例,14天内未发生聚集性疫情为中风险地区;累计病例超过50例,14天内有聚集性疫情发生为高风险地区。



中新自贸协定升级

upgrade of the China-New Zealand FTA


China and New Zealand on Tuesday signed a protocol on upgrading their 12-year-old free trade agreement (FTA), which is expected to bring more benefits to the businesses and peoples of the two countries.
中国和新西兰于1月26日签署自贸协定升级议定书,这意味着将给两国企业和百姓带来更多利好。中国和新西兰的自贸协定已签署了12年。

中国和新西兰在2008年4月签署自贸协定(free trade agreement,FTA),于同年10月正式生效。这是我国签署的第一个涵盖货物贸易(trade in goods)、服务贸易(trade in services)、投资(investment)等诸多领域的双边全面自贸协定,也是中国与发达国家签署的第一个自贸协定(the first FTA between China and a developed country)。


中新自贸协定升级谈判于2016年11月启动,2019年11月宣布完成。2020年11月15日,包括中国和新西兰等15个成员国在内的区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,RCEP)正式签署。此次协定升级让两国经贸关系在RCEP基础上进一步提质增效。


升级“升”什么?


The FTA upgrade adds new chapters on e-commerce, government procurement, competition policy as well as environment and trade, in addition to improvements on rules of origin, customs procedures and trade facilitation, technical barriers to trade and trade in services.
自贸协定升级除对原协定的原产地规则、海关程序与贸易便利化、技术性贸易壁垒、服务贸易等5个领域进行升级外,还新增电子商务、政府采购、竞争政策、环境与贸易等4个领域。



进返京新规

Beijing’s new entry rules


北京市政府新闻发言人徐和建在1月27日的疫情防控发布会上通报称,春节前后这段特定时间,充分考虑境内外疫情严峻复杂形势、人流增加的疫情传播风险,北京分级分类采取相对从严从紧的防控措施。


From Jan 28 to March 15, travelers from domestic low-risk areas must provide negative nucleic acid results within seven days upon arrival, they must undergo health monitoring for 14 days and receive two separete nucleic acid tests on their 7th and 14th day in Beijing.
自1月28日至3月15日,国内低风险地区人员进返京须持抵京前7日内核酸检测阴性证明,抵京后实行14天健康监测,满7天、满14天各开展一次核酸检测。


Entry to the Chinese capital will be declined for those from domestic medium and high-risk and lockdown areas, while inbound travelers entering the Chinese mainland via other cities must wait for 21 days before visiting Beijing.
国内中高风险地区及全域实行封闭管理的人员,原则上不能进京。国内其他口岸入境人员满21天方可进京。

“境内、境外”中的“境”有时指“国境(the territory of China)”,有时指“关境(customs territory)”,翻译前必须进行仔细甄别。国境是指一个国家行使主权的领土范围,从国境的角度讲,香港、澳门和台湾属“境内”。例如“中国境内的外国人”译为“foreigners in the territory of China”。


关境是指适用同一海关法或实行同一关税制度的区域,从关境的角度讲,香港、澳门和台湾、澎湖、金门、马祖(台澎金马)在世界贸易组织中是单独关税区,属于“境外”;这种情况下,“境内”指的就是例句中加粗字体所列的范围,即中国大陆地区(the Chinese mainland)。因此,“出境”我们通常用outbound travel表示。“入境人员”可以用inbound passengers或overseas arrivals,不能用foreign/international passengers,因为疫情期间入境人员很多都是我国在外的同胞。



新冠疫苗升级

upgraded version of COVID-19 vaccines


最近,英国、南非和巴西先后发现新的新冠病毒变异毒株。有卫生领域人员担忧,目前的疫苗可能无法有效对抗这些新的变异毒株。


中国疾控中心艾滋病首席专家邵一鸣表示:


If necessary, an upgrade for China's inactivated COVID-19 vaccine could be completed in about two months.
如果真需要对疫苗进行升级,中国的新冠灭活疫苗预计可在2个月左右完成。


Lab data shows that Chinese vaccines' capability to help human bodies generate antibodies remains almost steady in neutralizing the new variants of the virus that emerged in Europe, South America, and the US across the first half of 2020, said Shao. "Although the efficacy is slightly weakened when it comes to the new variants."
实验室数据显示,国内疫苗诱导的抗体对去年上半年在欧洲、南美、美国出现的新冠毒株的中和能力没有变化,但对新出现的变异毒株的中和能力,则有轻微下降。


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